Ludwig Beethoven

Part 1: Background and Early Life. 1770 - 1792

Establish Piano Concerto no. 5 and then dip under announcement
ANNOUNCER:
The Life and Music of Ludwig van Beethoven by Shaun MacLoughlin.
Episode 1. The Early Years.
Bring up Piano Concerto no. 5 again. Then take quietly behind:
BEETHOVEN:
(DECLAIMING) When I open my eyes I must sigh, for what I see is contrary to my religion, and I must despise the world, which does not know that music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy.

Music is the wine which inspires one to new generative processes, and I am Bacchus, who presses out this glorious wine for mankind and makes them spiritually drunken.
Bring up Piano Concerto no. 5 for as long as feels right. Then dip behind narrator
NARRATOR:
His Piano Concert number 5 is known as the Emperor Concerto, because when a member of the audience first heard it, he declared it be "an Emperor of a Concerto!"
Bring up Piano Concerto no. 5 and fade behind narrator
Beethoven was the grandson of his namesake Ludwig van Beethoven of Flemish origin. The name means "beet yard", suggesting that his ancestors were vegetable farmers.

He was invited at the age of 21 to Bonn, as a bass singer at the Court of the Elector of Cologne, rising to become Kapellmeister or Music Director.

Franz Wegeler, a good friend of Beethoven described his grandfather as:
Grandfather Ludwig
WEGELER:
A short, muscular man with extremely animated eyes . . . greatly respected as an artist.
NARRATOR:
He suffered the pain of having to commit his wife to a sheltered cloister, because she was an alcoholic.

They had one son, Johann van Beethoven, who worked as a tenor, also at the court of the Elector. To supplement his income he gave piano and violin lessons. Johann also became an alcoholic.
The Elector's Palace in Bonn, now the Southern facade of the main building of the University of Bonn
NARRATOR:
Although his grandfather died when Beethoven was only three, he always kept his portrait on his wall, but he scarcely ever spoke of his father. Johann had married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, who had been the head chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier. Beethoven must have admired his maternal grandfather, as he declared:
BEETHOVEN:
(SUCKING OF SOUP AS ONLY THE GERMANS KNOW HOW!)

Aah! Geschmäcke gut. Only the pure in heart can make a good soup.
NARRATOR:
Beethoven was born in Bonn; he was baptized at Saint Remegius Church, as a Roman Catholic, on 17 December 1770. As children were normally christened within 24 hours, he was probably born the previous day, 16 December.
Establish the Benedictus from the Missa Solemnis and then take under
He was not to remain an orthodox Catholic, but this section of the Benedictus from his Missa Solemnis, where the violin suggests the descent of the Holy Spirit at the moment of consecration, suggests a profound religious instinct.
Bring up Missa Solemnis and weave under as appropriate
NARRATOR:
Of the seven children born to Johann and Maria, only Ludwig, the second-born, and two younger brothers survived infancy.

He was a quiet, withdrawn child, who found it difficult to make friends, not least with his own brothers. He argued with them throughout his life, regarding them both, perhaps justifiably, as imbeciles. His home life was not good. Johann would sometimes stay out drinking for days at a time, returning penitent and the worse for wear.

Maria Magdalena, by contrast was quiet and thoughtful, and deeply disappointed in the man she had married. She once said to a neighbour:
Beethoven-Haus Museum, Bonn, where he was born
MARIA:
If you want to take my advice, stay single, and then you will enjoy the most tranquil and pleasurable life. For what is marriage? A little joy, and then a chain of sorrows.
Bring up the Benedictus from the Missa Solemnis and play out
NARRATOR
In spite of this, Beethoven's first music teacher was his father. A traditional belief is that Johann was a harsh instructor, and that the child Beethoven "made to stand at the keyboard, was often in tears".
His musical talent manifested itself early. Johann, aware of Leopold Mozart's success with his son, Wolfgang Amadeus, attempted to exploit his son as a child prodigy, claiming, on the posters for Beethoven's first public performance in March 1778, that Beethoven was six, when he was really seven. He took him out of school, when he was only ten, so that he could concentrate on his musical talent. Perhaps Ludwig was not so dismayed at this, as his taller Aryan schoolmates taunted him with the nickname, "the Spaniard", on account of his short stature and swarthy looks. A fellow student remembered him as dirty and unkempt.

First his father employed one of his drinking companions to be Ludwig's teacher. But a year later he made a better choice in Christian Neefe, a composer, court organist and director with the local theatre company. Years later, on his departure to make his artistic fortune in Vienna, Ludwig was to write to him:
Christian Gottlob Neefe
BEETHOVEN:
I thank you for the advice you have given me about making progress in the divine art.
If ever I become a great man, you too will have a share in my success.
NARRATOR:
It was through Neefe that the young Beethoven first encountered the German literary movement, called Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress"). It aimed at new kind of poetry and drama that stressed natural feeling and exuberant originality. Neefe was a member of the Illuminati, a radical group of Freemasons, who promoted radical ideas then sweeping Germany.
Establish Bach's Well-tempered Klavier and then play under
NARRATOR:
Neefe wrote in Cramer's Magazine, a music journal:
NEEFE:
Ludwig van Beethoven, son of the tenor, a boy of eleven years, and of the most promising talent, plays the clavier very skilfully, and with power, reads at sight very well, and - to put it as simply as possible - he plays chiefly The Well-Tempered Clavier of Johann Sebastian Bach. This youthful genius is deserving of help to enable him to travel. He would certainly become a second Mozart, if he progresses as he has begun.
Bring up the well-tempered klavier and play out as appropriate .
NARRATOR:
Neefe helped him to write his first published composition: a set of keyboard variations Beethoven soon began working as Neefe's assistant organist of the court chapel.
Introduce Sonata woo47 no.2 - i. Larghetto and take under
His first three piano sonatas, named Kurfürst (Elector) for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Frederick, were published in 1783, a remarkable piece of work for a twelve year old boy
Bring up Sonata woo47 no.2 and tweave under again
Beethoven aged 13
YOUNG BEETHOVEN:
May I now, therefore, Illustrious Prince, presume to lay the first-fruits of my juvenile labours at the foot of your throne? And may I hope that you will condescend to cast an encouraging and kindly glance on them?

You will; for Art and Science have ever found in you a judicious protector and a generous patron, and rising talent has always prospered under your fostering and fatherly care. Encouraged by this cheering conviction, I venture to approach you with these my youthful efforts. Accept them as the pure offering of childlike reverence, and graciously vouchsafe to regard with indulgence both them and their youthful composer.
Bring up the Sonata and play out as appropriate.
Maximilian Frederick of Königsegg-Rothenfels
NARRATOR:
Maximilian Frederick, who died in 1784, not long after Beethoven's appointment as assistant organist, had noticed Beethoven's talent early. He was a huge admirer of Mozart and had an extensive music library. He subsidized and encouraged the young Beethoven's musical studies.
NARRATOR:
He was succeeded by Archduke Maximillian Franz, who had actually met Mozart, and had tried to lure him to nearby Cologne. A friend of his and fellow Teutonic knight, Count Waldstein, of one of the wealthiest families in the Hapsburg Empire was looking for someone to spend his generous allowance on.

Thus in March 1787 Beethoven was enabled to fulfil a childhood dream and to travel to Vienna for the first time, apparently in the hope of studying with Mozart. It is not known for certain, whether they actually met, though it is believed that Mozart said of him:
Beethoven playing before Mozart from a children's book 1929
MOZART:
Keep your eyes on him - some day he will give the world something to talk about.
NARRATOR:
And almost certainly Beethoven heard Mozart play, as later in life, he remembered:
BEETHOVEN:
His playing was fine, but choppy, with no legato.
NARRATOR:
His visit to Vienna does seem to have been productive. As Gerhard, son of his friend Stephan von Breuning, later wrote:
GERHARD:
However after just two weeks in Vienna, Beethoven learned that his mother was severely ill, and he was forced to return home. She died shortly thereafter. He wrote to a friend..
NARRATOR:
His visit to Vienna does seem to have been productive. As Gerhard, son of his friend Stephan von Breuning, later wrote:
BEETHOVEN:
I found my mother indeed still alive, but in the most deplorable state; her disease was consumption, and about seven weeks ago, after much pain and suffering, she died. She was indeed a kind, loving mother to me, and my best friend. Ah! who was happier than I, when I could still utter the sweet name of mother, and it was heard? But to whom can I now say it? Only to the silent form resembling her, evoked by the power of imagination.
NARRATOR:
Six months after her death Ludwig's baby sister died, leaving him in a womanless house.
Establish Bagatelle no. 25 and then play under.
All his life he yearned to find love in a relationship with a woman. Several of his pieces were to be dedicated to woman that he loved, as in this Bagatelle no. 25, dedicated to a lady called Elise.
Bring up Bagatelle no. 25 and play out
Meanwhile his father lapsed further into alcoholism. As a result, at the age of sixteen, Beethoven became responsible for the care of his two younger brothers, and he spent the next five years in Bonn.
BEETHOVEN:
Fortunately he was employed by Helène von Breuning, a kind widow, to teach piano to her children, and it gave him a chance to absent himself from his father. The family was wealthy and cultured and through them Beethoven picked up some of the learning, he missed through not attending school. Helène allowed him to practise piano at any time, and as his skills as a musician became better known, she regarded it as her role to protect him. Later in life speaking of her, he said with a lack of modesty.
She understood how to keep the insects off the flowers.
Bonn in Beethoven's time
NARRATOR:
He formed a lifelong friendship with her son Stephan.

He also contributed to the family's income by playing viola in the court orchestra and for the local theatre. In 1789 he obtained a legal order by which half of his father's salary was paid directly to him for support of the family.
In 1791 Count Waldstein organized an extravagant entertainment to celebrate Carnival Sunday in March. The nobility of Bonn would stage a ballet - 'ballet', for them, meant the taking up of poses with little or no movement - representing traditional elements of German life - war, the hunt, love and drinking. Waldstein asked his young protegé to compose the music. Here is his hunting song.
Establish Hunting Song from a Ballet for Knights and take under
Count Ferdinand von Waldstein
But Waldstein also asked whether Beethoven minded if he let it be known that Waldstein was the composer? Beethoven obliged.

Also when he was nineteen, it is likely that his first love was Eleonore von Breuning, to whom he taught the piano. Judging from a letter that he wrote her a year later from Vienna, he may have made clumsy advances that were rebuffed.
Fade Hunting Song
BEETHOVEN:
Adorable Eleonore,

The most vivid remembrance of you is ever present with me. I have often conversed in thought with you and your dear family, though not always in the happy mood I could have wished, for that fatal misunderstanding still hovered before me, and my conduct at that time is now hateful in my sight.

How much would I give to have the power wholly to obliterate from my life a mode of acting so degrading to myself, and so contrary to the usual tenor of my character!
Silhouette of Eleonore von Breuning
We are told that the best proof of sincere contrition is to acknowledge our faults; and this is what I wish to do. Let us now draw a veil over the whole affair.

At the close of my letter I venture to make a request -- I am anxious to possess an Angola waistcoat knitted by your own hand, my dear friend. Forgive my indiscreet request; it proceeds from my great love for all that comes from you; and I may privately admit that a little vanity is connected with it, namely, that I may say I possess something from the best and most admired young lady in Bonn.
NARRATOR:
On his twentieth birthday, she sent him this note:
ELEONORE:
For Beethoven's birthday from his pupil:
Today I wish to you good fortune and a long life,
but I also wish something for myself.
For your sake I wish for your approval,
For my sake I wish for patience for you. -
From your friend and pupil Lorchen von Breuning:
NARRATOR:
Beethoven was in love with one woman or another for the remainder of his life, but until his death he kept this note in his wallet. Also he dedicated several compositions to her and named the heroine in his opera Fidelio after her.:
Meanwhile with the new Elector's help, Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792. He was probably first introduced to Joseph Haydn in late 1790, when the latter travelled to London and stopped in Bonn on his way back. Haydn was impressed by one of his cantatas, and arrangements were made to study with the old master. Beethoven left Bonn for Vienna in November. By now the post-revolutionary armies of France were on the march, attacking Rhineland cities. The court of Bonn was in the course of dissolution.

Mozart had recently died, and so Count Waldstein in his farewell note to Beethoven wrote::
Joseph Haydn
COUNT WALDSTEIN:
You are going to Vienna in fulfilment of your long frustrated desire. The genius of Mozart is still in mourning and weeps for the death of its pupil. It found a refuge with the inexhaustible Haydn, but no occupation; through him it wishes to form a union with another. With the help of unceasing diligence you will receive Mozart's spirit from the hands of Haydn.
NARRATOR:
The coach journey to Vienna was precarious. Both Austrian and French armies were on the move. Because of his admiration for Napoleon, Beethoven must have had mixed feelings.
Establish part of the 4th movement of Symphony no. 3, the Eroica and then play under
He was later to dedicate his 3rd Symphony, known as The Eroica to Napoleon.
Bring up the Eroica again and then play under
Meanwhile he described the journey to Vienna in his diary:
Portrait of Beethoven as a young man by Carl Traugott Riedel
Mix the Eroica into sound effects of distant musket fire and gallopping horses pulling a coach.
BEETHOVEN:
I tipped the driver one small thaler, because the fellow drove us, at the risk of a whipping, right through the Hessian army, going like the devil.enna in his diary:
Mix back from sound effects of musket fire and gallopping horses into the Eroica and play out under the closing credits of the first episode

Part 2: Taking Vienna by storm. 1792 - 1803

Music of the Great composers

Prisoners
The Flying Palaces of Angkor
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